In western Europe, memorials to victims have been erected at sites in Bamberg (Germany), Vard (Norway) and Zugarramurdi (Spain) Many states have also taken to issuing national apologies, with some even granting posthumous pardons. One 2020 UN report states at least 20,000 “witches” were killed across 60 countries between 2009 and 2019. These sobering statistics indicate a need for urgent government action.