Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) tried to quantify if the net impact technology has had on jobs since the 1940s, at least in the US. The study balanced the jobs that have been lost to machine automation against those that had been generated by augmentation – when technology creates new tasks and jobs. From 1940s to 1980, many jobs were automated, such as typesetters, but with this emerging technology created a need for more employees in engineering, department heads, and clerks in shipping.