LDES technologies will be needed in key regions from the 2030s to support electricity grids with greater penetrations of VRE. Many of these technologies are likely to be cheaper than Li-ion batteries on a $/kWh basis, potentially due to the use of cheaper materials and other designs that allow for energy and power decoupling. Key players developing TES technologies include Electrified Thermal Solutions, Kyoto Group, Rondo Energy, and Brenmiller Energy.