Study design This practical coarctation surgical training involved undergraduate medical students in years two to six. Participants signed written informed consent for both study participation and the publication of identifying information or images in an online open-access publication. The study was conducted in full accordance with the declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2013. Participants were assigned into one of four groups depending on the surgical modality: Group A performed the technically least difficult end-to-end anastomosis (n = 5), Group B performed prosthetic patch aort