The model was built on a simulated cohort of 100,000 residents from 50 years through a total of 30 1-year Markov cycles, which is the common target population based on previous economic evaluations of eye disease screening in elderly individuals10,11,28. We assumed that the severity and postoperative visual acuity for bilateral cataract patients were similar. The primary outcomes were ICURs and ICERs. Patients with mild, moderate, and severe cataracts were identified as referable cataracts35,36.