PNNL is lauded for its battery research, leading several major energy storage programs for the Department of Energy (DOE) In the mid-2000s, the country needed reliable, powerful batteries—not just for transportation, but for the grid, as well. In 2016, the DOE selected a PNN-led team to lead one of the largest EV battery research programs in the world: the Battery500 Consortium. The project, directed by Liu, aims to help create rechargeable lithium-metal EV batteries