WHI participants were excluded from the analysis if they had missing enrollment data on: [1] the 6-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and WHI-OS (n = 93,676) The WHI study is a long-term study focused on strategies for preventing heart disease, breast, and colorectal cancers as well as osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The study received institutional review board approval with informed consent from all participating clinical