Table 1 Correlation matrix and principal component analysis results We use the PCA approach to construct the quality of governance and ICT indices. The results in Panel A1 of Table 1 show evidence of high and moderate collinearity between these indicators. On average, government health expenditure accounted for only 1.60 percent of THE, with a standard deviation of 96.93 USD, indicating significant variations between countries. Countries in the final club 1 are the worst-performing among African countries regarding OOPHE per capita.